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The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
The Ripper Project
Modern Science Solving Mysteries of History
William G. Eckert, MID.
Modern scientific techniques may be applied to solve historical - even ancient - mysteries. Many such mysteries have been studied by forensic scientist, including anthropologists. One example is the recent examination of the artifacts and grave sites at the Little Bighorn in Montana, the scene of the battle between General George A. Custer’s troops and the Northern Plains Indian tribes(1). Similarly skeleton remains of the Indian Tribes of Pre-Columbian and the Columbian periods have been studied to answer many questions regarding life and death in these early civilizations. The Ripper Project began as a research activity of the Milton Helpern International Center of the Forensic Sciences at Wichita State University Wichita, Kansas in 1981, after the concept had been discussed in a night session during the annual meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences in Los Angeles. These century-old serial murders of five prostitutes - the Whitechapel Murders - in London in 1888 were discussed in great detail from the standpoints of the forensic pathologist, the forensic psychiatrist, the criminalist, the forensic historian, and the forensic dentist. The information gained during this phase of the project plus the advances made possible by the development of criminal personality profiling by the FBI led to the present status of this project, which is the subject of this article.
GENERAL ASPECTS
The Ripper Project was developed to determine a model for the approach to the problem of solving crimes that have remained unsolved for many years.
The White Chapel Murders - the brutal, serial murders of five women - occurred within a square-mile area in East London over a 70-day period, from August 31 to November 9, in 1888.
To evaluate such a case properly, it is essential that appropriate information be gleaned from all potential resources, including newspaper and police reports as well as written descriptions of the case by students of the crime who present their theories regarding problems in solving it as well as in identifying potential suspects. The London Times and the New York Times as well as the Police Gazette and other period newspapers afford a great deal of information on the Ripper case and provide valuable documentation for investigators and students who are researching it. In addition, information may be gleaned from records of police and witness statements or the diaries, biographies, and autobiographies of participating police authorities. In the British Public Records Office (national archives) in Kew Gardens, London, family records, files or previously unrecognised sources such as personal writings are accidently uncovered after the death of a relative or a police official who had originally investigated the crimes.
The three major components of any murder case are the victims, the scenes, and the suspects. Our approach in the study of the Ripper case was to establish it as a specific project for the Milton Helpern International Center of Forensic Sciences. In reviewing of the Ripper case, we used case data collected from the Helpern Center’s Larson Historical Archives, including numerous published non-medical works, beginning with Leonard Matters study in 1928(2). Several dozen books have been written that provide different concepts and theories regarding the specific Ripper suspect that each author favors. A bibliography of Ripper works has also been developed by the British Library Association.
The Official Government Ripper Case File, which is the accumulation of the case records, was not supposed to be viewed by the public until 1992. By special arrangement with the Public Information Officer of the Public Records Office (the British national archives) at Kew Gardens in London, I was able to visit this facility and review the file, which consists of four large cardboard boxes, each tied with cloth ribbon and designated as Metropolitan Police (MEPO) Files. Three of these boxes contain all of the letters received from those who had identified themselves as “Jack the Ripper”. There are more than 350 letters written on various types of paper with different colors of ink. Several of these letters might be authentic Ripper communiqués, but this is still in question. Some letters include drawings of knives, swords, satanic figures, and victims. Some letters are written in neat handwriting while others are scribbled and the material used ranges from bonded paper to the backs of a daily newspaper. The content in some instances is easily discernible, but difficult to understand in others. Some exhibit red spotting, which is meant to simulate bloodstains.
One file box of the MEPO records includes handwritten reports from individual police constables with descriptions of the scenes, the victims, and witnesses from of the five murders. The reports are quite legible and very interesting in that they provide a lucid insight into the observation of the police, some of whom had discovered a body and others of whom had obtained the statements of area residents regarding any pertinent information such as victim statements or unusual circumstances at approximately the time of the crime. There are communications related to various orders from police superiors to constables, and newspaper clippings that include comments on the use of bloodhounds, which was considered a farce by some.
The remaining file box includes those records that had been accumulated by the investigative police at the Home Office (The Scotland Yard Thomas Bard Investigation). There is a handwritten autopsy report by the pathologist (Dr. Bond) who autopsied the body of one of the Ripper’s victims, Mary Kelly. Dr. Bond’s personal comments regarding the condition of the victim’s body show that he was well aware of the proper way to examine it and his evaluation reflects professionalism and experience.
Police surgeons are physicians used for support by the police when a person needs to be examined for injuries, or when sex crimes, prison-related health problems, or commitments to institutions be evaluated. They also are called upon to investigate suspicious deaths, and, in all of the Ripper cases, one (or more) was called to the scene to provide a preliminary evaluation of the victim and the pronouncement of death as well as to provide the investigating officer with a professional opinion as to what specifically had happened to the victim, the manner of death, and other related facts.
The murders occurred in the jurisdictions of the Metropolitan Police and the City of London Police. Thus, two police groups were investigating the five murders that occurred within a one-mile-square area. External pressure was a serious factor in denying the police the proper freedom of effort that most certainly was needed to solve these murders.
The Home Office record file on this case is small and relatively unenlightening because it contains little important information relative to the case. It mainly contains administrative material, including correspondence between officials regarding the need for extra funds to pay for overtime constables required to police the streets and soothe citizens’ fears.
Two prominent Ripperologists (experts in the Ripper case) in London, and their divergent theories on the suspects, provided an additional perspective to my investigation. Don Rumbelow is an expert in the history of London police activities, a devoted student of the Whitechapel Murders, a former curator of the Police Museum, and a member of the City of London Police. His fellow Ripperologist, Martin Fido, who is a Professor of English at London University, also has an avid interest in the Ripper case, and has organized a night walking tour of the Ripper murder scenes for tourists in London’s Whitechapel area.
A trip to London was thus a necessity in order to gather the preceding information. The wider perspective that was provided by this tour of the Ripper murder scenes with Ripperologist as the guide thus was added to my knowledge and experience in forensic pathology, and my intense study of the literature of the case.
I was privileged to participate in this tour on a dark Friday night in July of 1988. It began opposite the entrance of the London hospital on Whitechapel Road, in front of a building that was the site of a coroner’s inquest held for a Ripper victim, and in the midst of the cleanup of the sidewalks by the pushcart peddlers who sell their wares each day at an open-air market in this location. The tour lasted from 7 p.m., while there was still daylight, until some 3½ hours later in pitch darkness among the lightness streets, alleys, and squares. The atmosphere thus provided must have been identical with that in the days of the Ripper a century before. Our guide described each scene in great detail, and made personal comments. It was like a crash course in the history of the crime, the city of London, and the period of the reign of Queen Victoria.
THE RIPPER PROJECT
The approach of the Helpern Center project to the study of the Ripper case began with a historical review of the state of the art of criminalistics and the other forensic sciences at the time of the Ripper murders in London. No crime laboratory, as such, existed in London at that time. The microscope was just beginning to be applied in police cases that required the examination of trace evidence. Serology and biology had not been developed. Forensic pathology, although not developed as a specialty, was the responsibility of the pathologist working with the coroners in London. The autopsies on two of the Ripper victims were performed at the London Hospital morgue, and the others were done at mortuaries in the Whitechapel area. Some of the newspapers mentioned analysis of the way in which the killer selected his victims, and his treatment of them while they were alive and after their deaths, but this very enlightened approach to finding the Ripper was never pursued.
In considering the Ripper case for what it was - the prototype of serial murders - and why it has received so much continuous notoriety, we find that its impact was not only on the Victorian age, where it was even a major concern of Queen Victoria, who exerted her power to have it solved. It also influenced George Bernhard Shaw to write about the poverty of the people who lived in Whitechapel, with its predominant alcoholism, crime, and disease. In addition, a plethora of downtrodden women living there were forced into prostitution to survive. Here it was that the melting pot of immigrants fleeing the pogroms of Russia and the revolutions of Europe struggled to maintain their lives and traditions in a strange land. To the sailors of the ships sailing from London to foreign lands this area was a playground: they feasted on the prostitutes and public houses. Here, too, were the butchers, fish mongerers, and food market workers who moved freely, plying their trade in Spitalsfield and other markets.
With this as a background, we focused on the crimes themselves in trying to develop leads regarding possible and plausible reasons for any of the suspects to be realistically considered as the murderer (Fig. 1)
---> hier befindet sich normalerweise eine übersichtskarte der tatorte - nehmt einfach die von unserer seite unter "schauplätze" <--
Fig. 1. Street diagram of the location of the five victims of Jack the Ripper in the
Whitechapel area of East London. Numbers refer to the chronologic order of the killings.
Reproduced with permission from (3).
At the beginning of the project, concentrated case information was sent to experienced forensic scientist who evaluated it according to their expertise. Thus, an background article (3) was sent with other material to Dr. Thomas T. Noguchi of Los Angeles; Dr. Fred Hacker, a forensic psychiatrist and internationally renowned expert on terrorism; Mr. Douglas Lucas, a criminalist and the director of Canada’s leading Center of Forensic Sciences in Toronto; and Dr. Bernard Sims, a forensic odontologist in the Department of Forensic Medicine at the University of London Hospital Medical School and a native of the Whitechapel area.
These scientists met as a group during a 2-hour discussion of the Jack the Ripper case at the annual meeting of the American Academy at Forensic Sciences in Los Angeles in 1981.
Their presentations were recorded at that time, but were never published. They basically presented a review of the case from the standpoints of each of the specialities represented. No definite information was provided, however, that contributed directly to the determination of a possible suspect.
New books on the subject were also reviewed, but the project gained momentum with the application of new information on serial murderers that was developed by the Behavioral Sciences Unit of the Federal Bureau of Investigation based at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. This coincided with the formation of the Research and Training Program in Forensic Sciences at the FBI Academy and development of the VIAP program, a data base on information geared to aid unsolved homicide investigations. The latter was originated by Pierce Brooks, former head of the Los Angeles Police Department Homicide Division, and encouraged police departments in America to complete and submit forms providing information about their unsolved homicides. This information is entered into the VICAP program’s computer where cases are compared for similarities. If a new case is similar to a previously entered one, inquiring authorities may uncover or confirm a suspect, such as a new serial murderer, for example: Such computerized case comparisons served to support the Ripper Project.
The data base on serial murders, which is filled with information derived from interviews with imprisoned serial murderers such as Gacey, Berkowitz, Lucas, and Toole, enables an insight into such behavior and thus serves to support future decisions on the profiling of criminal cases. This information has been supported further by the development of an artificial intelligence computer program called “The Profiler” which, when fully developed, will be capable of independent analysis and will support case profiling by the Behavioral Science Unit members.
It was apparent to me that this was a much more fruitful approach to understanding the Ripper Case. Since computers are oblivious to the constant competition among Ripper book authors regarding their Ripper candidates, the use of computers averts the bias and commercialism surrounding the case.
The second phase of the Ripper Project was based on the application of proper criminal profiling based on the analysis of all facts related to the scene, the victim, and the actions of the perpetrator in each of the five Ripper murders. The Larson Historical Archives on International Crimes and Problems at the Helpern Center, media reports from the historical period in question, and review of the Ripper files at the Public Records at Kew’ Gardens in London served as the information base. Careful analysis of this material by the criminal profilers of the FBI Behavioral Science Unit at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia, and use of the Profiler mark the first time that the Ripper case has been properly analyzed scientifically using the most modern methods in the world. The information obtained on the personality and behavior of the Ripper was compared with that which had been developed on the suspects already evaluated by law enforcement authorities at the time of the crimes. This enabled us to solve the century old question: Who was Jack the Ripper?
ASSUMED PRE AND POSTOFFENSE
BEHAVIOR OF JACK THE RIPPER
Prior to each homicide, the Ripper would be drinking spirits in a local pub, and thus lowering his inhibitions. He would be observed walking all over the Whitechapel area during the early evening hours. He did not specifically seek a specific physical type of woman, but it was no accident that he killed prostitutes. He had the sense to know when and where to attack his victims. Many other women may have avoided being assaulted by Jack the Ripper because the location at that moment was not secluded enough.
The Ripper’s postoffense behavior would include returning to an area where he could wash the blood off his hands and change his clothing. We would not expect him to inject himself into the police investigation or provide bogus information.
The Ripper hunted nightly for his victims. When he could not find a new victim, he returned to the locations of his previous murders. If the victims were buried locally, he would visit their gravesites during the early morning hours to relive his lust murders.
Jack the Ripper would not have committed suicide after his last homicide. Generally, crimes such as these cease because the perpetrator has come close to being identified, has been interviewed by police, or has been arrested for some other offense. We would be surprised if Jack the Ripper simply would suddenly stop except for one of these reasons.
POSSIBLE EFFECTIVE INVESTIGATION
AND/OR PROSECUTION TECHNIQUES
The best time of day at which to interrogate Jack the Ripper would have been during the early morning hours, because that is when he would have felt most relaxed and secure in confessing to the homicides, and most inclined to express in writing his motivation for killing the women. The Ripper would not be visibly shaken or upset if directly accused of the homicides, but would be psychologically and physiologically stressed if confronted with the fact that he had been soiled by the victims’ blood. Jack the Ripper believed that the homicides were justified - that he was only eliminating garbage.
JACK THE RIPPER: CRIMINAL
lNVESTIGATIVE ANALYSIS BY THE
FBI ACADEMY
The following criminal investigative analysis was prepared for me by Supervisory Special Agent (SSA) John E. Douglas, the Program Manager of Criminal Investigative Analysis at the FBI National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC). SSA Douglas prepared an analysis of this 100-year-old, unsolved serial murder case (The Whitechapel Murders) involving the perpetrator known as “Jack the Ripper”.
SSA Douglas was provided basic background information relative to each murder. It is noted that forensic technology and most other modern investigative techniques were nonexistent a century ago. The medical examiners’ reports were incomplete, crime scene photography was used sparingly, the police investigative reports did not reflect the thoroughness evidenced today.
When a case is submitted for investigation, the reliability and validity of the overall analysis hinges on the thoroughness of the medical examiners, technicians, investigators, and other personnel involved. Although materials provided a century ago were not as complete as those submitted today by more sophisticated law enforcement agencies, SSA Douglas was able to piece together missing information by making certain probable assumptions.
His analysis addresses the following areas: victimology (victim profile), medical-examiner findings, crime and crime scene analysis, perpetrator characteristics, pre- and postoffense behavioral patterns, investigative and/or proactive techniques, and interview/interrogation suggestions.
Rather than address each homicide separately, SSA Douglas’ comments relate to the entire series of homicides as a group.
Victimology
Each homicide victim was a female prostitute with a reputation for drinking quite heavily. These two ingredients place each victim in a high-risk category. By high risk, we mean that each victim was someone who was very likely to be the victim of violent crime. From an investigative perspective, this makes it extremely difficult to develop leads to logical suspects. From a forensic viewpoint, if any evidence such as hairs and fibres or semen were obtained, police investigators would have difficulty establishing for certain whether this evidence did in fact come from the murderer.
One hundred years ago, prostitution was not as organized as it is today where pimps control, monitor, and protect their “stables” of women. During the “Jack the Ripper era”, these women worked independently. A female prostitute who drank heavily was endangering herself - “tempting fate”. We would suspect that there were numerous instances of these women being physically assaulted, raped, and robbed.
Prostitutes at that time did not dress differently than other women. In most cases, they performed their “services” in dark alleys or in flophouses. The prostitutes targeted by Jack the Ripper were nearly twice the age of prostitutes who solicit today. They were not particularly attractive and, other than their age, bore no striking similarities. (Note, however, that the Ripper’s last victim was only 25 years old.)
The Ripper victims were targeted because they were easily accessible. Jack the Ripper did not have to initiate the contact. This was done for him by the prostitute. This is an important feature in a case such as this and will be addressed later in this analysis under “Characteristics of the Perpetrator”.
Medical Examination
As stated earlier, the medical examinations conducted at that time were not very thorough when compared with autopsy examinations conducted today by experienced forensic pathologists. (Unfortunately, even today in some parts of the United States, the efficiency of autopsy examinations is sometimes less than desirable or adequate). The highlights of our analysis are as follows:
1. No evidence of sexual assault was seen.
2. The subjects were killed swiftly.
3. The murderer was able to maintain control of victims during the initial “blitz” style of attack.
4. The murderer removed body organs (e.g., kidney, uterus, nose) from some of the victims, indicating some anatomical knowledge.
5. No evidence of physical torture prior to death was noted.
6. Postmortem mutilation was extensive.
7. Possible manual strangulation was evident.
8. Blood from victims was localized in small areas.
9. Rings were taken from one of the victims.
10.The last victim was killed indoors and was the most mutilated. The murderer spent a considerable amount of time at the scene.
11.The murders occurred in the early morning hours.
The above-listed postmortem findings contribute to the overall offender analysis that is addressed later in this report.
Crime and Crime-Scene Analysis
With the exception of the last case, all victims were killed swiftly outdoors, with four bodies consequently undergoing postmortem mutilation. The homicides occurred within a quarter of a mile of each other and occurred either on Friday, Saturday, or Sunday during the early morning hours. After the first homicide at Whitechapel Station the murderer struck across the Whitechapel area a quarter mile away. A line drawn through crime scenes 2, 3, 4, and 5 reveals a triangular configuration This configuration, which has been observed in other serial crimes, is viewed as encompassing a secondary comfort zone for the murderer. This type of movement results when a subject believes that the investigation is heating up in his primary comfort zone. The Ripper’s primary comfort zone would be in the Location of the first homicide in the vicinity of Whitechapel Station. It is my opinion that there were other attacks in the Whitechapel area that either went unreported or, for some reason, were not considered by authorities to be crimes of Jack the Ripper.
Some criminologists and behavioral scientists have written that perpetrators maintain their modus operandi, and that this is what links so called signature crimes. This conclusion is incorrect. Subjects will change their modus operandi as they gain experience. This is learned behavior. The personal desires and needs of the criminal are expressed in the ritual aspects of the crime. Such subjects must always perform their ritual because they are acting out their fantasies. With Jack the Ripper, the target selection, the approach, and the method of his initial attack formed his modus operandi. What occurred afterward was his ritual. Such rituals may become increasingly elaborate as was the case in the Ripper’s last homicide, where he had time to act out his fantasies. As investigators of such serial murders, we should not necessarily expect the same type of homicides in the future, particularly if subsequent victims are killed outdoors, for once again, the perpetrator would not have the time to act out all of his fantasies and consequently, for example, mutilation would not be as extensive.
Communiqués Allegedly Received from the Ripper
One aspect worth mentioning about this case is the written communiqués allegedly received from Jack the Ripper. Rarely do serial murderers of this type communicate with police, the media, a family, etc. When they do communicate, they generally provide specifics relative to the crime that only they know. In addition, they generally provide information relative to their motivation for committing such a heinous crime. It is my opinion that this series of homicides was not perpetrated by someone who intended to challenge law enforcement. While the killer knew that he would be receiving national as well as international publicity, this was not his primary motivation. I would not emphasize the communiqués during this investigation, but I would develop investigative techniques with the objective of identifying the author of the communiqués.
Characteristics of the Perpetrator
The Ripper homicides may be referred to as lust murders. The word “lust” does not mean love or sexual desire in this case, it is simply used because the perpetrator attacked the genital areas of his victims. The vaginal areas and breasts are the focal point of such attacks on women, whereas the focus in such attacks on men is the area of the penis and scrotum. Generally, male victims who are attacked in this fashion are involved in a homosexual relationship.
I have never encountered a case of a woman who was a serial lust murderer, either in research or in reports received at the NCAVC. Thus, it can be assumed that Jack the Ripper was a man, and of white race since whites were predominant at the crime scene locations and generally such crimes are intraracial.
The age of the offender at the onset of these types of homicides is generally the mid- to late 20’s. In the case of the Ripper the high degree of psychopathology exhibited at the murder scene, and his ability to converse with the victims until suitable locations were found and to avoid detection, place him in the age bracket of 28 to 36 years. It should be noted that age is a difficult characteristic to categorize and consequently we would not eliminate a potential suspect exclusively because of his age.
Jack the Ripper would not look out of the ordinary. He would not wear his everyday clothing, however, at the time of the assaults. He would want to project to his unsuspecting victims (prostitutes) that he had money, which would consequently relieve him from initiating contact.
He would come from a family with a weak, passive and/or absent father and a domineering mother who, in all likelihood, also drank heavily and enjoyed the company of different men. As a result he would have failed to have received consistent care and to have maintained contact with stable adult role models. He consequently would have become detached socially and would develop a diminished emotional response toward people in general. He would become asocial and prefer being alone. His anger would become internalized and, in his younger years, he would express his pent-up destructive emotions by setting fires and torturing small animals. By perpetrating these acts, he would discover increased areas of dominance, power and control, and would learn how to continue to perform violent destructive acts without detection or punishment.
As he grew older, his fantasy would develop a strong component that included domination, cruelty, and mutilation of women. We would expect to find evidence of this violent destructive fantasy life through his personal writings or perhaps, drawings of women being mutilated.
For employment, he would seek a position where he could work alone and vicariously experience his destructive fantasies: for example, he would work as a butcher, mortician’s helper, medical examiner’s assistant, or hospital attendant. He would work Monday through Friday, and have Friday night, Saturday, and Sunday free. He would carry a knife for defensive purposes, so that if he was ever attacked, he would be prepared. This paranoid type of thinking would in part be justified by his poor self-image. We would expect him to have some type of physical abnormality that, although not severe, he would perceive as psychologically crippling. He would be below or above average in height and/or weight, and might have a speech impediment, scarred complexion, or a physical illness or injury.
We would not expect this type of offender to be married. If he had been married in the past, it would have been to someone older than himself and the marriage would not have lasted long.
He would not be adept at meeting people socially, and most of his heterosexual relationships would involve female prostitutes. Since adequate hygiene was not a major concern of most prostitutes at that time and there was no effective treatment for infections such as veneral disease, he may have been infected, which would further fuel his hatred and disgust for women.
He would be perceived as being quiet, a loner, shy, slightly withdrawn, obedient, and neat and orderly in appearance when working. He would drink in the local pubs and, after a few spirits, would become more relaxed and find it easier to engage in conversation. He would live or work in the Whitechapel area. The first homicide would be in close proximity to either his home or workplace. We would note that London Hospital is only one block from the first homicide and, as stated earlier in this analysis, we would expect other violent crimes to have occurred in the same vicinity.
Investigators would have interviewed him during the course of the investigations, and he would probably have been questioned by police on several occasions. Unfortunately, at this period in history, there would have been no way to correlate information gathered from interviews; therefore, he would have been overlooked. Investigators and citizens in the community would have had a preconceived idea or picture of what Jack the Ripper would look like. Because of the belief that he must appear odd or ghoulish, the true Ripper would have been overlooked and/or eliminated as a possible suspect.
EPILOGUE
The Ripper Project culminated in a live documentary originating from Hollywood and televised nationally in America and Canada for 2 hours on October 26, 1988. Peter Ustinov served as the host, and guest consultants included John Douglas and Roy Hazelwood of the FBI Academy Behavioral Science Unit at Quantico Virginia, who presented portions of the criminal profile published here. William Waddell, Curator of the Scotland Yard Crime Museum in London, and an expert on the history of crimes in Great Britain, Ann Mallalieux, a Barrister and Judge from London and an expert prosecutor in murder trials, and myself, a forensic pathologist and the Director of the Milton Helpern International Center for the Forensic Sciences and Medicine at Wichita State University in Wichita, Kansas, where the idea of the Ripper Project was conceived, were all present to provide their expertise in an attempt to determine the identity of Jack the Ripper from among the five most likely suspects. These included:
1. The Duke of Clarence, the eldest son of the future King Edward VII. One story alleges that “Prince Eddy”, as he was called, had contacted syphilis and turned into a criminal lunatic. This was then covered up by his doctor, Sir William Gull. Another story alleges that Eddy secretly married a shop girl from Whitechapel and had a little girl. The Prime Minister then ordered Sir William Gull to mastermind a cover up. The baby’s alleged nanny, the Ripper’s last victim, Mary Kelly, escaped and hatched a blackmail plot with her prostitute friends. Gull set out to silence them. This story was later revealed as a hoax.
2. Sir William Gull, who was named the sole killer in another theory. This theory was later discredited, largely because at the time Sir William was 70 years old and in poor health.
3. Montague Druitt, a London barrister who drowned himself because his mother went mad. He thought the same thing was happening to him. The only evidence that connected him to the Ripper murders was some papers that were later found to be faked.
4. Dr. Roslyn D‘Onston, a drug addict, alcoholic, doctor, and journalist who was obsessed with black magic. D’Onston was living in Whitechapel in 1888. He had the military background to have been able to have planned the murders and he had medical knowledge. More than that, however, he talked and wrote about the murders often and claimed to have known the Ripper. After the murder of Mary Kelly, D’Onston was struck with a debilitating illness.
5. Kosminski, a Jewish immigrant butcher, from Poland. He had been known to have attacked women before, and was eventually caught raving mad in the streets. He died in an insane asylum when he was in his early 30s.
After 4 days of intimate consultations preceding the telecast, our group announced during the live telecast that Kosminski was the most likely person to have committed the Whitechapel murders - and that therefore Kosminski was Jack the Ripper.
REFERENCES
1. Jordan RP. Ghosts of Little Big Horn. National Geographic 1986;170:787
2. Matters L. The mystery of Jack the Ripper. London: Hutchinson, 1929.
3. Eckert, WG. The White Chapel Murders Jack the Ripper Case. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1981;2:53
Thema: profiling: the ripper project von william g. eckert (Gelesen 31580 mal)